Factors Related to Psychological Distress Among Nursing Students Volunteering in Covid-19 Frontline Prevention In Vietnam

The aim of the study to examine the level of psychological distress among nursing students volunteering in Covid-19 frontline prevention in Vietnam and related factors. Nursing students volunteering in frontline prevention presented emotional effects, including positive and negative effects on their psychological well-being. A cross-sectional study design was used and four hundred seventy-one students who volunteered for frontline prevention were randomly selected in the study using inclusion criteria. Data were collected from October to December 2021. A demographic questionnaire, the General Self-Efficacy Scale, the 6-item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale, the Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced Inventory Questionnaire, and the Quality of life EQ-5D-5L were used to measure the variables. The data analysis was conducted by using descriptive statistics and linear regression. The research found that students presented a high risk of psychological distress. There was a significant correlation between problem-and emotional-coping strategies, quality of life, and psychological distress. Moreover, family support and psychological distress among nursing students had a strong relationship. Lecturers and high education institutions responsible for nursing students should pay more attention to developing psychological interventions in enhancing coping strategies and quality of life and various supports to reduce distress among nursing students fighting the epidemic.Copyright © 2022 Mohan R, et al.

Fear of COVID-19 and general self-efficacy among Turkish teachers: Mediating role of perceived social support.

Coronavirus-19 (COVID-19), which has influenced the world since the last months of 2019, has not only affected people physiologically, but also had serious adverse effects on mental health. Unavoidable increases in positive case numbers and loss of life have caused fear and anxiety, which is a psychological aspect of the COVID-19 outbreak. In this study, it was aimed to examine the mediating role of perceived social support in the relationship between teachers' general self-efficacy perceptions and their fear of COVID-19. The sample of the study consists of 322 Turkish teachers (198 women and 124 men; aged between 23 and 66 years). Data collection tools are the Fear of COVID-19 Scale, the General Self-Efficacy Scale, and the Perceived Multidimensional Social Support Scale. To test the model structural equation modeling and bootstrapping were used. In the study it was found that fear of COVID-19 has a negative impact on general self-efficacy and the perceived social support. Besides, it was found that perceived social support partially mediates the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and general self-efficacy. Thus, higher fear of COVID-19 was related to lower self-efficacy and perceived social support. In turn, higher perceived social support was associated with higher self-efficacy. The results were discussed within the framework of the literature, and implications presented.

Mediating role of psychological resilience in the relationship between self-efficacy and professional identity among nurses.

To explore the mediating role of resilience in the relationship between general self-efficacy and professional identity of nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional design was employed. A total of 982 nurses from four Grade III, class A hospitals in Shandong Province were investigated using general information questionnaire, nurses' professional identity rating scale, general self-efficacy scale (GSES), and Connor-Davidson flexibility scale (CD-RISC). SPSS22.0 and Amos21.0 were used for data analysis and structural equation modeling. p % counseling The nurses had a score of （27.038±5.933） for general self-efficacy score, 38.290±6.234 for psychological resilience, and （114.99±16.209） for professional identity. A positive correlation between general self-efficacy, professional identity, and psychological resilience (<0.01) was found. The SEM analysis shows that psychological resilience plays a mediating role between general self-efficacy and professional identity. The ratio of the effect is 75.155. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the levels of general self-efficacy and professional identity of nurses was medium, while psychological resilience was high. Nurses' general self-efficacy can affect their professional identity through psychological resilience. During the pandemic, the psychological status of nurses should not be ignored. Nursing managers should fully utilize of group and cognitive therapy based on mindfulness to improve nurses' psychological resilience and general self-efficacy, and to promote nurses' professional identity, so as to ensure the lower turnover rate.

The Fully Mediating Role of Psychological Resilience between Self-Efficacy and Mental Health: Evidence from the Study of College Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Student populations are susceptible to the COVID-19 pandemic and may easy develop mental health problems related to their immaturity of psychological development and fluctuation of mood. However, little has been known about the effects of the pandemic on college students and the associated influencing factors. This study aimed to explore the role of psychological resilience as a mediator between general self-efficacy and mental health. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 480 Chinese college students from 12 universities in Hunan province of China. The participants responded anonymously to the Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), the Chinese version of the Resilience Scale for College Students (RSCS), and the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Hierarchical linear regression and structural equation modeling were used in this study. The average of GSES and RSCS scores of college students were 25.00 ± 4.68 and 137.97 ± 15.50, which were at a medium level. The average score for the GHQ-12 was 1.59 ± 1.59, and 22.03% of the college students scored ≥ 3 on the GHQ-12, indicating that they were at risk of developing mental disorders. According to the analyses of mediation effect, psychological resilience played a fully mediating role in the relationship between general self-efficacy and mental health. In conclusion, Chinese college students were at high risk of developing mental disorders during the COVID-19 period. General self-efficacy was positively associated with psychological resilience, and psychological resilience played a fully mediating role in the relationship between general self-efficacy and mental health. Future studies and interventions should aim to promote psychological resilience and general self-efficacy.

Social Support and General Self-Efficacy: Predictors of Subjective Discomfort in Ecuadorian Teachers

The crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has generated new challenges for regular basic education teachers, who, day by day, interact with students and constitute a significant part of the student's development. These new circumstances have affected teachers, raising their stress levels and affecting their skills. In this context, this study aims to determine the influence of social support and general self-efficacy on subjective discomfort in Ecuadorian regular basic education teachers. The methodology used was based on the predictive design in which 311 teachers participated, 230 women and 81 men. The selected instruments were the Duke-UNK-11 Functional Social Support Questionnaire, the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GAS) and the Kessler Subjective Discomfort Scale-10. The results showed that the Social support variable significantly influences subjective discomfort, showing that teachers who have high levels of social support show lower levels of subjective discomfort. It is concluded that social support is a predictor of subjective discomfort in Ecuadorian teachers of basic education. © 2022 Figueroa-Suárez et al.

How Psychological Variables Maybe Correlated with Willingness to Get COVID-19 Vaccine: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study of Polish Novice Nurses.

INTRODUCTION: Nurses became the largest medical group exposed to direct contact with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. In this study, we aimed to assess the readiness and motivation for vaccination, as well as the use of sources of information and attitudes toward vaccination depending on the psychological profile. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional online survey study was conducted. The study included 145 novice nurses from 8 medical universities who completed 3-year undergraduate studies. Women constituted 97.2% of the respondents (N = 141). The Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item Scale, General Self-Efficacy Scale, Brief Resilient Coping Scale, and an original questionnaire were used. Variables were analyzed with descriptive statistics methods. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Among the participants, 73.1% had already been vaccinated against COVID-19 (N = 106). The participants were divided into two groups: G1 (N = 98), characterized by a lower level of anxiety with higher self-efficacy and resilient coping, and G2 (N = 47), with a higher level of anxiety with poorer self-efficacy and resilient coping. The analysis of the potential correlation of psychological pattern with the decision to vaccinate was not statistically significant (p = 0.166). CONCLUSION: Psychological variables may be correlating with motivation, attitudes toward vaccination, and the choice of reliable sources of information about vaccination. Our study demonstrates the key role of two psychological variables, self-efficacy and resilient coping, in this context.

Resilience, Quality of life, and Wellbeing in intensive care survivors of Covid-19 critical illness

Introduction: The negative impact of Post-Intensive Care Syndrome on the quality of life of critical illness survivors has previously been well characterised.1 Survivors of Covid-19 critical illness are a relatively new cohort in terms of younger age and less prior comorbidity.2 The healthrelated quality of life, psychological problems, resilience, or wellbeing of survivors of Covid-19 critical illness have not been fully explored. Objectives: To characterise the resilience, wellbeing, selfefficacy, and quality of life of ICU-survivors, who were admitted with Covid-19, 6-9 months post-hospital discharge. To explore any potential associations with baseline characteristics. Methods: This was a prospective follow-up study of ICUsurvivor patients who were admitted with Covid-19 and discharged alive from the Royal Infirmary Edinburgh or St John's Hospital, Scotland. Eligible patients were identified by 2 specialist research nurses from the medical records and were contacted via telephone for consent. Paper copies of the questionnaire pack were posted to patients who consented. Demographic characteristics were captured from WardWatcher IT system (age, sex, length of ICU stay). 2 investigators telephoned participants to complete the questionnaires. Outcomes measured were: resilience, using the 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CDRISC), self-efficacy, using the General Self-Efficacy (GSE) Scale, overall health state, using The EuroQol EQ5D-5L Health Questionnaire, and Wellbeing, using 6 10-point visual analogue scales. Statistical analysis was conducted using R-Studio. Associations were tested with Fisher's exact test for categorical variables, and Kruskal-Wallis for continuous variables. Statistical significance was accepted at p<=0.05. Results: Of the 52 eligible patients consented to be contacted, 40 (76.9%) completed the questionnaires. 59.6% (31/52) were male;median age was 59.0 (IQR:53.0-66.2), and participants spent median 6.3 (IQR: 4.1-11.0;) days in ICU. Questionnaires were completed median 202 days (IQR:187.5-224.0) from hospital discharge. The median total CDRISC score was 34.5 (IQR: 30.8-38.0), which has previously been defined as normal resilience (27-37/40)3. 12.5% (5/40) and 32.5% (13/40) reported low (<27/40) and high (>=38/40) resilience respectively.3 The median total GSE score was 34.0 (IQR: 30.0-38.0) (international mean: 29.554). For overall health state (EQ5D-5L), the median overall health score was 80.0% (IQR:75.0-81.2), with the results in each domain as follows: Mobility: 27% (11/40) reported moderate or worse problems (with the remainder reporting no problems);Self-care: 10% (4/40) reported moderate or worse problems;Usual activities: 17% (7/40) reported moderate or worse problems;Pain: 17.5% (7/40) reported moderate or worse problems;Anxiety or depression: 17.5% (7/40) reported moderate or worse problems. For the wellbeing measures, participants rated 'Overall satisfaction with life as a whole' median 8/10 (IQR: 7-9), and 'I have a sense of direction and purpose in life' median 8/10 (IQR:7-9.5). Resilience, self-efficacy, health-related quality of life, and wellbeing were not significantly associated with age, length of ICU-stay, or time between discharge and questionnaire completion. Conclusion: Overall, ICU-survivors of Covid-19 critical illness reported normal resilience, and high levels of selfefficacy and wellbeing at 6-9 months post-hospital discharge. Many ICU-survivors experienced problems affecting their overall health state, such as with mobility and pain. Future studies are indicated to investigate how to best support ICU-survivors in their recovery.

Examining the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on general self-efficacy among the frontlines

This study aims to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on general self-efficacy among the frontlines in the northern region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This research employed a descriptive-correlational approach to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on general self-efficacy among the frontlines. The study took place at the major government hospitals in the northern region of Saudi Arabia. The researcher used simple random sampling to ensure the representativeness of the population. The frequency and percentage were utilized to determine the demographic profile of the respondents. T-test and one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were used to determine significant differences. Moreover, bivariate-r was used to test whether a statistically significant relationship exists between the variables. This study was conducted between November and December 2021. Nurses scored high on the impact of event scale (38.83±21.62) and general self-efficacy (25.93±6.88). There are significant differences found on gender to IES (t=2.110;p<0.36), ward assignment (t=244;p<.034), age (F=11.28;p<.001), and years of experience (F=10.11;p<.001). Conversely, no significant difference was found on gender to GSE (t=-.847;p>.398) ward assignment (t=-1.092;p>.253), age (F=.212;p>.932), and years of experience (F=.611;p>.655). Lastly, there is no significant relationship between the impact of COVID-19 and general self-efficacy (r=.170;P<.75). Despite the psychological effects of COVID-19, nurses still cope with the challenges. Male nurses, those assigned in the COVID-ward, aged 26-30 years old, and with 16 years and more experience were most affected during the COVID-19. No significant difference was found in demographic characteristics of GSE, and lastly, no significant relationship between the impacts of COVID-19 on GSE. © 2022 The authors.

The dark side of remote working during pandemics: Examining its effects on work-family conflict and workplace wellbeing

While remote working has been applied as an emerging flexible modern work arrangement and as an effective way to maintain social distancing during pandemics, it may result in negative workplace outcomes. Despite the eulogy on remote working, more research is needed to examine its possible negative effects on employees in the workplace. This study aims to fill these gaps by examining the effects of remote working on work-family conflict and workplace wellbeing during pandemics, and how such effects are moderated by employees’ general self-efficacy and job autonomy. Survey data was collected from 399 Chinese employees during COVID-19. The results show that remote working has a positive effect on work-family conflict, which in turn decreases workplace wellbeing. Further analyses show that while the work-family conflict dimension of family interfering with work (FIW) has a negative effect on wellbeing, the effect of the work-family conflict dimension of work interfering with family (WIF) on wellbeing is not significant. Besides, the effect of remote working on FIW is positively moderated by general self-efficacy and job autonomy. Lastly, the effect of remote working differs depending on the extent to which remote working is implemented. Our study contributes to the literature by explaining the negative effect of remote working on workplace wellbeing during pandemics and clarifying its boundary conditions. Our results provide managers useful guidelines regarding how to implement remote working. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd

The Influence of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Women's Feelings during a Hospital Stay.

Introduction: The COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) affected individuals and society and caused disruption, anxiety, stress, and loneliness. Being hospitalized during the pandemic increase a patient's negative feelings. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients' feelings (loneliness, depression, hope, self-efficacy) during a hospital stay. Materials and methods: This study included 207 women, aged from 15 to 83 years (55 ± 21.2) that were hospitalized during the pandemic in Bialystok, Lomza, and Biala Podlaska, Poland at internal medicine departments. The main reasons for hospitalization were cardiovascular diseases, abdominal pain, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumonia, diabetes, and unknown fever. Respondents were asked to complete the following questionnaires: Sense of Loneliness (the DJGLS), Depression Beck Inventory (BDI), Basic Hope (BHI-12), and Self-Efficacy (GSES). Results: Most of the studied group of women had an average sense of loneliness. A greater sense of loneliness was found among hospitalized women living in the countryside-the lowest sense of loneliness and depression was among women with higher education and the highest sense of effectiveness. One-third of respondents had a moderate degree of depression. Of the respondents, 39% had a relatively high level of basic hope. The assessment of self-efficacy demonstrated that 52% of the respondents showed a high sense of self-efficacy, an average sense of self-efficacy was shown by 35.5% of the respondents, and a low sense of self-efficacy was shown by 12.6% of the respondents. Conclusions: Numerous hospitalized women during the COVID-19 pandemic, despite experiencing moderate depression, had an average sense of loneliness and a high level of hope and self-efficacy.

Resilience and Anxiety Among Healthcare Workers During the Spread of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant: A Moderated Mediation Model.

INTRODUCTION: The B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant of SARS-COV-2 has caused a surge in COVID-19 cases worldwide, placing a great burden on the health care system under the zero-tolerance epidemic prevention policy in China. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of anxiety among health care workers during the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant, and to discuss the mediating role of positive coping style between resilience and anxiety, and the moderating role of general self-efficacy. METHOD: Connor-Davidson Resilience scale (CD-RISC), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), General Self-efficacy Scale (GSES) and Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire (SCSQ) were used in this cross-sectional study among 390 healthcare workers in Jiangsu Province, China. Mackinnon's four-step procedure was applied to test the mediation effect, and Hayes PROCESS macro was conducted to examine the moderated mediation model. RESULTS: The prevalence of anxiety among Chinese healthcare workers during the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant was 41.8%. Male, unmarried, childless and younger subjects reported higher levels of anxiety. Positive coping partially mediated the effect of resilience on anxiety among healthcare workers and the indirect effect was stronger with the increase of general self-efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: Anxiety was prevalent among healthcare workers during the spread of SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant. This research sheds new light on the potential mechanism underlying the association between resilience and anxiety and provides new insight into the prevention of anxiety among healthcare workers during the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant.

The placement wellbeing project: A remote intervention to support student health and wellbeing whilst on practice placement

Keywords: Wellbeing;Placement Purpose: Physiotherapy students commencing their practice placement journeys in the Covid-19 pandemic experienced unique challenges. Prior to the pandemic there was already an exponential rise in student mental health needs and higher education institutions (HEIs) have been urged to be proactive in preparing to support students’ mental health. The Placement Wellbeing Project (PWP) was a newly constructed, remote intervention delivered using Microsoft Teams (MS Teams) and was piloted to support students’ health and wellbeing whilst on placement. Methods: This action research project used a single group, repeated measures design to explore the effect of the intervention on self-efficacy and coping skills in a cohort of 14 physiotherapy students. Ethical approval was gained from the Queen Margaret University Divisional Ethics Committee. Participants worked through a digital Placement Wellbeing Toolkit, which contained resources and activities to promote positive coping strategies for a range of challenges faced on placement. Participants then took part in a pre-placement peer group discussion facilitated by a wellbeing advisor using MS Teams and a placement de-briefing session after placement. Outcomes were measured using the Placement Coping Scale (PCS) and the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE). Scores were taken at baseline, pre-placement and post-placement. Qualitative feedback about the whole project was gained through a project evaluation. Results: Significant improvements were observed in the total PCS score (Friedman's test χ2(2) = 19.75, p = 0.000) and all individual items of the PCS from baseline to post-placement. Post hoc analysis (Bonferroni correction applied) detected significant improvements between baseline and pre-placement total PCS scores (p = 0.005). Improvements were observed across all items of the PCS between baseline and pre-placement score, however only item “I have strategies to help me cope with the challenges of placement” saw statistically significant improvements (p =.010). Total GSE scores improved significantly from baseline to final measure (Wilcoxon sum-rank test Z = 2.105, p =.035). Conclusion(s): The results of this study indicate that physiotherapy students may benefit from interventions aimed to develop positive coping strategies to prepare them for the challenges of placement. This intervention has been successfully delivered remotely which may allow for flexibility of future delivery. These results are in a single institution and further research is required to evaluate the project with a larger number of students at different institutions. Seeking to understand which parts of the intervention were most helpful and why, may also support the delivery of this project at scale. Impact: To develop a resilient future workforce we need to ensure that students are prepared for the challenges faced on placement and in the practice setting and can manage their own wellbeing in response to those challenges. This project has developed and evaluated a successful intervention which may be used in other HEIs in the UK. Furthermore, improving the coping skills of students on placement may support practice educators supervising students at this challenging time. Funding acknowledgements: No funding to declare.

The Effect of Nursing Students' Self-Efficacy on Patient-Centered Communication During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Mediating Effect of Learning Burnout.

Background: The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak has put the global health system under the spotlight. As part of the medical workforce, nurses play an important role in interacting with and caring for patients; hence, patient-centered communication (PCC) has been emphasized in nursing education. Thus, it is worth investigating how future nurses perceive PCC and PCC-related factors under the special circumstances of COVID-19. For this purpose, the present study analyzed the mechanisms underlying the association between self-efficacy and nurse-patient communication tendency through learning burnout among nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The general self-efficacy questionnaire, college students' learning burnout scale, and doctor-patient communication tendency scale were used to survey 2,231 nursing students in higher vocational medical colleges at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: General self-efficacy can directly negatively correlate with the degree of nursing students' overall nurse-patient communication, including caring, sharing, and health promotion. Dejection from learning burnout partially mediated the relationships between self-efficacy and caring and between self-efficacy and sharing; it fully mediated the relationship between self-efficacy and health promotion. Reduced personal accomplishment partially mediated between self-efficacy and caring, while it fully mediated between self-efficacy and health promotion; however, it did not play a role in the sharing model. Conclusion: Self-efficacy influences nurse-patient communication through learning burnout. Specifically, dejection and reduced personal accomplishment-two aspects of learning burnout-may compromise nursing students' willingness to engage in PCC. Thus, the importance of PCC, especially during critical health situations such as pandemics, should be emphasized further in future nursing education.

Mental Health and Resilience Factors during Lockdown by COVID-19

The coronavirus pandemic and subsequent lockdown adopted to prevent its spread can generate the appearance of mental health symptoms, especially in countries with long periods of confinement. This article explores the coping factors carried out by the general population to attenuate these symptoms derived from this situation. To do this, we carried out a survey study on a sample of 1041 people between 18 and 65 years of age and residents in Spain. The results found show the impact of the positive attitude and the perception of self-efficacy as effective coping strategies, as well as other sociodemographic variables. The article exposes the usefulness and practical applications of these results and possible future lines, as well as the need to perform psychological training to the population in these cognitive variables in the face of future pandemics and lockdown.

Impact of virtual brief wellness based psychosocial intervention on mental wellbeing of stable hospitalised covid-19 patients – a pilot study

Introduction: The Optimal Health Program (OHP) is a collaborative self-management program that promotes clients to be actively involved in their own healthcare and overall wellbeing. Program Kesihatan Optimum (SANUBARI) is a Malay version of the OHP after a translational process and cultural adaptation by psychiatrists, clinical psychologist and family medicine specialists in 2017. The program is of a low intensity, patient-centred program, advocating self-health management to improve health literacy by enhancing self-efficacy, building strengths and values, and initiating change and planning, ultimately enhancing wellbeing of people. The programme can be used as a form of early psychosocial intervention during the current pandemic in maintaining the general mental wellbeing of COVID-19 patients. Methods: This is an open labelled interventional study of a virtual brief psychosocial intervention, called SANUBARI. The program was conducted among COVID-19 patients hospitalized in the COVID-19 wards of two centres from May 2020 until August 2020. Inclusion criteria include patients aged eighteen years and above, diagnosed with COVID-19, medically stable, speaking and reading Bahasa Melayu or English. All study subjects attended two sessions on OHP via telecommunication method and answered questionnaires (General Self-Efficacy (GSE) Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire) via computer-assisted self-interview. Data collection was done before the start of the intervention, at the end of the intervention and a month post-intervention. Results: A total of 37 patients were recruited and more than half of the subjects were males (62.2%), single (75.5%) and from the Malay ethnicity (78.4%). Seventy-three per cent of subjects had received tertiary education, and most of them were students reflecting a higher unemployment status (73%). Most subjects have no comorbid chronic medical illness (89.2%), and none has a comorbid psychiatric illness. Comparison of the GSE score across 3-time points (pre-intervention, immediate post-intervention and a month post-intervention) showed statistically significant improvement in the mean total GSE score immediate and a month post-intervention as compared to the pre-intervention;from mean total GSE score of 29.78 pre-intervention to 34.73 (mean difference 4.946, 95% Confidence Interval 95%CI: 3.361, 6.531) immediate post-intervention and 33.08 (mean difference 3.297, 95%CI: 1.211, 5.348) a month post-intervention. There was no significant association between the socio-demographic or clinical data, depressive and anxiety symptoms, and changes in GSE scores over three time points. Conclusion: COVID-19 patients improved their self-efficacy levels after the virtual brief OHP intervention, and it maintained a month post-intervention, protecting them from psychological stress and ultimately enhances wellbeing during this coronavirus pandemic.

The effect of learning style and general self-efficacy on satisfaction of e-Learning in dental students.

INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on education. e-Learning has been becoming most popular. Satisfaction of the student is one of important goal of e-Learning, therefore factors affecting this satisfaction should be considered extensively. This study aims to evaluate the effect of learning style and General Self-Efficacy (GSE) on satisfaction of e-Learning in dental student. METHOD: Electronic questionnaires were sent to 85 fifth and sixth-year students who had passed the face-to-face orthodontics course in the previous semester and were studying online orthodontics at the time of this study. Three questionnaires were used including Soloman and Felder learning styles index, General self-efficacy questionnaire and Satisfaction questionnaire for online education. RESULTS: The results of the reliability test showed that Cronbach's alpha index for the self-efficacy and satisfaction questionnaire was 0.836 and 0.96, respectively. The correlation between satisfaction and the dimensions of learning style showed that the active dimension of processing information had a significant relationship with the level of satisfaction. In the understanding dimension, a relatively strong correlation was observed in the Global dimension. Moderate significant relationship between the total score of self-efficacy and the level of satisfaction has been found. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study highlight the necessity of more studies regarding defining effective on student satisfaction during e-Learning. GSES and active learning style in the processing dimension and global learning style in the understanding dimension affect students' satisfaction.

Adaptability to Online Teaching during Covid-19 Pandemic: A Multiple Mediation Analysis Based on Kolb's Theory.

The process of transferring to online teaching during the pandemic COVID-19 lockdown has been a core issue for teachers around the globe. The main aim of this paper was to investigate the direct and indirect effects of emotional intelligence (EI) and general self-efficacy on the adaptability to online teaching (AOT). A multiple-mediation model was proposed, including the mediating effect via the teacher's Facilitator role and teacher's concrete experience learning style (CE-LS), as defined in experiential learning theory (ELT). METHODS: Data were collected from a sample of 330 preschool and primary school teachers (84 males, Mage = 38.3, SD = 9.14). Path analysis was performed based on maximum likelihood estimation with the resampling method. RESULTS: The findings showed that the proposed model fit the data well. A serial mediation path between EI and AOT via the teacher's Facilitator role and CE-LS was obtained. In addition, CE-LS mediated the relationship between general self-efficacy and AOT. CONCLUSION: To date, this is the first study to analyse the direct and indirect effects of dispositional traits, such as EI and general self-efficacy, on AOT in the framework of Kolb's ELT. Our results highlight the mediating mechanisms of this relationship, that is, the teacher's Facilitator role and CE-LS. The current research provides an empirical body based on which new instructional strategies will be developed to improve the quality of online teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.

The Impact of General Self-Efficacy on Psychological Resilience During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Mediating Role of Posttraumatic Growth and the Moderating Role of Deliberate Rumination.

Purpose: This study used a moderated mediation model to explore the relationship between general self-efficacy (GSE) and psychological resilience (PR) and the associated mechanisms, the mediating role of posttraumatic growth (PTG), and the moderating role of deliberate rumination (DR) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Knowledge of the relationship between these four variables examined further understanding of the PR improvement mechanism of college students and even the general public. Methods: The college students who participated in this study came from an independent college in Guangdong Province, China. A total of 918 college students completed the survey, and the final data sample size was 881. SPSS 23.0 and PROCESS (version 3.3) were used to conduct Pearson's correlation analysis and hierarchical regression linear analysis on the data. Results: (1) The correlation analysis showed that GSE and PR were positively correlated and that PTG was positively correlated with GSE and PR. DR was positively correlated with GSE, PTG, and PR. (2) The results of mediation analysis showed that GSE had a direct predictive effect on DR, and PTG partially mediated the relationship between the two. (3) The results of moderating effect analysis showed that DR hindered the effect of GSE on PTG but enhanced the positive impact of PTG on PR. Conclusions: General self-efficacy can improve PR under the mediating influence of PTG. DR played a positive moderating role in the relationship between GSE and PTG, and played a negative moderating role in the relationship between PTG and PR. These results advance the understanding of the mechanism between GSE and PR.

The Influence of Post-Traumatic Growth on College Students' Creativity During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Mediating Role of General Self-Efficacy and the Moderating Role of Deliberate Rumination.

Purpose: This study used a moderated mediation model to test the mediating effect of general self-efficacy on the relationship between post-traumatic growth (PTG) and creativity and the moderating effect of deliberate rumination in the second path of the indirect mediation path during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A sample of 881 university students from Guangdong Province, China, was surveyed with the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory, the Runco Ideational Behavior Scale, the General Self-Efficacy Scale, and the Deliberate Rumination Inventory. SPSS (23 version) and PROCESS (3.3 version) were used for correlation analyses, mediation analysis, and moderated mediation analysis. Results: (1) PTG was positively correlated with creativity, self-efficacy, and deliberate rumination. Creativity was positively correlated with self-efficacy and deliberate rumination. Deliberate rumination was positively correlated with self-efficacy. (2) Self-efficacy mediated the relationship between PTG and creativity. (3) Deliberate rumination moderated the second half of the path of "PTG → self-efficacy → creativity." Conclusions: PTG affected creativity directly and also indirectly through self-efficacy. In particular, deliberate rumination moderated the relationship between self-efficacy and creativity, such that the association was stronger when the incidence of deliberate rumination was low. These results provide a more comprehensive understanding of the positive link between PTG and creativity.